"Heller subjects to criticism the “dictatorship over needs” that in her eyes the USSR and the countries of the Eastern Bloc constituted. (At the time she was writing, of course, these Soviet-style systems were still very much in place throughout Eastern Europe.) Within them, a caste of bureaucrats cut off from civil society decides which needs must be satisfied, thereby exercising a “dictatorship” over them. The “preferences” of individuals count for almost nothing in productive decisions.
In this framework, needs are defined and satisfied “from above.” This dictatorship proves to be increasingly dysfunctional over time, due to chronic mismatches between supply and demand. Its political legitimacy is almost zero, since citizens are not involved in the decisions that concern them.
Against this dictatorship, Heller develops the vision of an “individualist” Marxism. Marx’s goal, ultimately, is the full development of the person, namely their emancipation from both the dictatorship of the market and the Soviet-style “dictatorship over needs.”
Heller is certainly not an individualist in the sense of subscribing to liberalism. She does not maintain that individuals should be able to cultivate their needs outside of any collective constraints. She asserts that communism will consist of a free play of needs, where each person’s needs will be limited only by the needs of others."
https://jacobin.com/2024/12/agnes-heller-philosophy-marxism-needs